Fundamentals of measurements in digital communications • Conformance tests • Functional tests • Performance tests • Protocol analysis • Quality of service tests • OSI referent model • Standards and recommendations • Systems of physical quantities and arithmetical operations with units of special interest in communication systems • Measurement errors and processing of measurement results • BERT • BLERT • Synchronization with measured signal • Measuring jitter in time and frequency domain • Fundamentals of copper access networks • Physical parameters of copper cables • Faults and measurement logistics • Characteristic cases of faults in copper access networks and overview of methods suitable for their location • Measurement diagnostics (ground resistance, fault voltage and isolation resistance measurements) • Measuring bridges for fault pre-location • Time domain reflectometry • Cable routers and tracers