Thermodynamic system and surroundings. Working body. Properties of state. Equilibrium, change of state, process. The zero law of thermodynamics. Ideal gas law. Conservation of energy. The concept of energy. Internal energy. Heat capacity. Mayer's equation. The first law of thermodynamics for a closed and open thermodynamic system. p-v diagram, work, and thermodynamic process in a p-v diagram. Enthalpy. The second law of thermodynamics. Reversible, irreversible and impossible process. Thermodynamic cycle. Properties of state for a thermodynamic cycle. Clockwise thermodynamic cycle. Carnot cycle. Thermal efficiency. The concept of entropy. The mathematical expression of the second principle of thermodynamics. Entropy change of ideal gases. Heat, T-s diagram, and thermodynamic process in the T-s diagram. Counter-clockwise cycles. Entropy change of a thermodynamic system. The second principle of thermodynamics for a cycle. Entropy change of an isolated thermodynamic cycle. The third principle of thermodynamics. Real gases. Determination of properties for real gases. Carnot cycle for real gases. Rankine cycles for water vapor.